Adverse Effects And Prevention Of Child Abuse Social Work Essays

Adverse Effects And Prevention Of Child Abuse Social Work Essays Adverse Effects And Prevention Of Child Abuse Social Work Essay Adverse Effects And Prevention Of Child Abuse Social Work Essay Abuse occurs when people mistreat other people, demoing no concern for their unity or innate worth as persons, and in a mode that degrades their well being. Harmonizing to World of Health Organization ( 1999 ) , kid maltreatment or ill-treatment constitutes all signifiers of physical and or emotional ailment intervention, sexual maltreatment, disregard or negligent intervention or commercial or other development, ensuing in existent or possible injury to the kid s wellness, endurance, development or self-respect in the context of a relationship of duty, trust or power. In recent old ages child maltreatment has received close attending from the media, scientific, and public concern, and with increased populace and professional consciousness has become a crisp rise in the figure of reported instances. The true prevalence of kid maltreatment is non known because of underreporting and variableness of describing methods, instruments, sites, and newsmans.Most chil d maltreatment occurs in a kid s place, with a little group in the environing organisation, schools or communities the kid interacts with. Child maltreatment takes a assortment of signifiers. When the kid maltreatment take the neglect signifier, the failure to supply the assorted indispensable demands such as nutrient, shelter, vesture, emotional demands, medical attention and instruction is normally noticed. Besides it occurs when parents or defenders fail to execute responsibilities and duties including supervising, nurturance, and protection which autumn within bounds of their ability and societal circumstances.While in physical maltreatment, the physical aggression such as contact, combustion, and agitating the organic structure is directed at the kid. It besides refers to the knowing usage of physical force aimed at aching, wounding, or destructing the kid. There is adequate scientific cogent evidence suggests that sometimes physical injury is result from inability of parent to raise their kids and as a manner of look of their defeat. Child sexual maltreatment is another signifier of kid maltreatment which defines as any signifier of sexual contact or exposure without consent, or when the victim is incapable of giving consent ( Elizabeth, 2005 ) .Usually parents do non talk to kids about gender or even reply their inquiries that related to normal developmental growing. The ground behind that lies in a traditional conservative household and community construction that does non speak about any issue interfere with sex.As a consequence of this many of sexual abuse the kid faces do non acquire reported to any 1. Out of all the different signifiers of maltreatment, emotional maltreatment is the hardest to place.It is besides refer as psychological maltreatment.This signifier may includes inordinate unfavorable judgment, inappropriate or inordinate demands, devastation of personal properties and keep backing communicating by others. Emotional maltreatment is the failure to supply supportive environment in which the kid can develop a stable and full scope of emotional and societal competences that a re needed in his developmental subsequently phases. Any emotional harm in kid can do farther injury to his physical, mental, and societal development. Child maltreatment is a complex job which consequences from multiple factors. Understanding those factors is of import, so that the intervention and the actions will be good defined. The most outstanding one among the factors is being raised by opprobrious parent. When an equal history is taken we find that the opprobrious parents have a anterior background of unequal raising as brought up with unexplained penalty and cruel intervention by their ain households, so most of them were abused likewise as they abuse their kids. In some instances parents believe that their methods of learning subject are acceptable.In other instances parents are ambivalent about their methods and admit that they do non hold any coping mechanisms so fall into behaviours similar to those of their ain parents. Harmonizing to Elizabeth ( 2005 ) , parent who grew up watching their female parents being beaten are at hazard to hold force in their ain households. Abusive parents have unrealistic outlooks of their kids and normally bury their indispensable demands to turn healthy. Parents tend to handle abused kid as if the kid were older than them. They frequently seek for comfort, reassurance, and protection from the kid and anticipate a loving response. Nerve-racking populating conditions such as overcrowding and poorness can lend to mistreat toward kids. Social isolation, the deficiency of a support system and matrimonial jobs increase the possible for maltreatment of kids. Besides such environmental crises as unemployment, lodging jobs, and fiscal force per unit area cause emphasis in households and hence maltreatment. In the existent life there are many unemployed households, many stripling parents, and many hapless parents who take fantastic attention of their kids. Poverty entirely or unemployment entirely dose non explain maltreatment, but if one of those jobs associated with other taking factors, the kid is more likely to see maltreatment in his childhood. Mental upsets can play a f unction in child maltreatment.Parent who are depressed, psychotic, or have sever personality upsets may see their kids as bad or as seeking to drive them brainsick. A mentally sick parent may retreat from their kids, or easy acquire choler without understanding the ground.Such intervention for those health professionals means better attention for the kids.Furthermore life with alcoholic or substance maltreater is really hard for kids as they are covering with individuals who are non in their right heads and therefore taking to mistreat them easy. A survey by Famular R, Kinscherff R, Fenton T ( 1992 ) , found that over two tierces of instances of kid maltreatment involved parents with substance maltreatment jobs. This specifically found relationships between intoxicant and physical maltreatment, and between cocaine and sexual maltreatment. Another factor that can increase kid s exposure to mistreat is raising kid with disablements or mental deceleration. Children with extraordinary d emands may increase the load of attention on the health professional and in bend higher the stress degree. Besides certain features in kid can trip maltreatment like those who are overly shouting or are un normally demanding and who are overactive.Many abused kids are perceived by their parents as being different, decelerate in development, bad, or hard to train. The results of kid maltreatment are normally discussed in term of physical, psychological, behavioural, and social effects. In world it is hard to divide them wholly. The result of kid maltreatment is multifactorial, depending on the badness, continuance, nature of the maltreatment, and on the kid s exposures.Children who already suffer from mental deceleration, physical disablements, and attending shortage upsets are likely to hold a poorer result than those who are mentally and physically good. Childs who are abused for long periods in their childhood and even in their adolescence are more likely to show harm than those who have experienced merely brief episodes of maltreatment. The immediate physical effects of maltreatment can be minor such as contusions and lacerations or break up such as breaks, caput hurts, and even decease. In some instances the physical effects are impermanent and may be forgotten by the clip, but the hurting and agony that experienced by the kid should non be discounted.Child maltreatment have been shown to do of import countries of the encephalon to neglect to turn decently ensuing in impaired development. This can take to long term effects on linguistic communication, cognitive, and academic abilities. Furthermore grownup who experienced maltreatment in his childhood are more likely to endure from physical jobs such as allergic reactions, asthma, chronic bronchitis and high blood force per unit area. Exposure to mistreat can adversely impact kids s development because the energy needed to successfully carry through developmental undertakings goes to get bying with maltreatment ( Lawson 1998 ; Beauchesne et al.1997 ) as cited by Kacker, L. , Veradan, S. , and Kumar, P. ( 2007 ) .Psychological effects can be serious and long lasting.Abused kids may see a womb-to-tomb form of depression, anxiousness, low ego regard, and confronting troubles in doing any relationships.Also some of them may endure from eating upsets and show ill will. As they grow up and specifically as adolescents, they find problems to swear, take part in, and achieve felicity in interpersonal relationships. Behavioral effects will non be experienced by all abused kids. Behavioral jobs that lead to pregnancy in early age, low academic public presentation, substance usage, and mental wellness jobs are more likely to see by the abused individual. In add-on to that many victims of maltreatment tend to smoke coffin nails, maltreatment intoxicant and act such condemnable behaviours that made them arrested several times during their life-time. Society as a whole pays a monetary value for kid maltreatment.Some costs of kid maltreatment are straightforward such as infirmary costs for medical intervention of hurts.Other costs are indirectly shown in low academic public presentation and womb-to-tomb mental jobs. So child maltreatment impacts non merely the kid and household but the society every bit good. Preventive steps or programmes directed their end at either decrease or minimisation of abuse.Perinatal and postpartum programmes that emphasize on the importance of constructing a loving relationship aimed at understanding the babe demands and enhancing of positive interaction.Moreover public instruction programmes will be helpful in supplying the chance for specific learning on kid attention, raising, and particular classs in the topic of maltreatment with it is different signifiers. Besides constitution of kid intervention and instruction programmes that deal with the abused kid or the kid who is at hazard considered as indispensable elements to be included. Harmonizing to Bankowski A ; Carballo ( 1985 ) a proper communicating should be established between societal workers, baby doctors, constabulary, nurses, and any other community workers that deal straight with the kid maltreatment in order to forestall farther effects of maltreatment and to supply station event attention. The primary duty of protecting kids from maltreatment and neglect prevarications with the households or the primary health professionals. However, communities and all other stakeholders are besides responsible for the attention and protection of kids. To reason, eastern states still behind the western 1s in developing the complete system to cover with the abused kid. There should be an constitution of kid maltreatment unit within the authorities responsible for entering the instances, look intoing the predisposing factors and carry oning research workers. Besides the demand to hold particular units to cover with kid maltreatment in constabulary Stationss, infirmaries, and instruction sections. Training of forces in the early sensing and bar of kid maltreatment will assist in diminishing the Numberss of child maltreatment victims.

Visual Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Visual Communication - Essay Example On the other hand, few experts (Candy, pp. 23-25) believe that contemporary form of art, such as films, television, music videos, digital photography are outcomes of inspirations and influences from previous art movements (Candy, pp. 23-25). Thus, all contemporary representations of art enjoy a deeper relationship with different periods of art in a meaningful manner. For instance, Surrealism was a significant and successful art movement of 1920s; however, studies have indicated that present artists are doing nothing but blending technology with traditional artworks of Surrealism, and few other art movements, such as Impressionism, Cubism, etc. Analysis of the literature (Surrealism.org, 2009) related to Surrealism has pointed out that present progression in the field of art has changed only the tools and equipments, and artists are still continuing to add visual elements of Surrealism that will be part of the discussion later in the paper. In the past, Surrealists used to create artworks by their hands and brushes while using the techniques, such as collage, furnage, heatage, bulletism, outagraphy, etc (Surrealism.org, 2009). Today, artists, especially of the music videos are using computer software instead of brushes to use the same techniques, in order to communicate with the audience visually, as well as to present their music in an enhanced and inspirational manner (Candy, pp. 29-36). This is one of the reasons that music videos have now become the influential tools to popularize a song, and despite of weak lyrics of a song, artistic music videos result in success of the music (Williams, pp. 47-61). In this regard, it has now become very important to identify factors that existed and played significant role during the art movement of Surrealism, and have continued to dominate the music videos in contemporary era of 21st century. For this

Coping with Change at the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coping with Change at the Workplace - Essay Example Some of the different kinds of changes that characterize most professional organizations are changes in systems, processes, and people. Resistance is a natural by-product of change and it is important to understand the various causes of resistance so as to be able to cope with it and overcome it effectively. The actual process of managing change can be divided into three phases: unfreezing change, and refreezing. First, one needs to accept the need for change and also have a desire to bring about the change. In the second phase, the actual implementation of the change can take place. In the final phase, review and reinforcement of the change takes place.Any business is characterized by change. In the course of a professional career, an individual is likely to encounter change very often. In some instances, individuals may also be called upon to predict the occurrence of change and initiate steps to deal with it. Individuals who are change-oriented are likely to gain professional succ ess and a competitive edge over their competitors. Thus a person's success at the workplace is often tied to his or her readiness to act as an agent of change.This report begins by detailing out the various kinds of change that an individual is likely to face in an organization. Resistance is an inevitable aspect of change and therefore the next section of the report highlights the reasons behind resistance to change and the steps that can be taken to overcome it. Having detailed out the types of change and the barriers to change, the next section of the report logically deals with out how change can be dealt with systematically and effectively. Understanding the Kinds of Change Change in any organization is generally triggered by certain key business drivers. So, to start with, it is important to understand the different kinds of change that one is likely to face in an organization. Some of the kinds of changes that an individual is likely to encounter are: Changes in systems Changes in processes Changes in people These different kinds of change have been detailed out below along with examples of each kind. Change in systems: This kind of change generally signals a modification in technology or products. It includes "enhancements to an existing product or the development of completely new systems" (Bal 115). A change in systems is generally made in an attempt to ensure that the "right kind of technology, systems, and machinery are in place to meet the needs of customers" (Ibid). Change in processes: This kind of change entails the way in which an organization operates to meet the needs of its customers. Here the various processes involved in getting products or services to customers are critically examined and changes are initiated to add value to every step of the process. Internal processes are aligned with the needs of customers so that there is a dramatic improvement in the overall efficiency of the organization. Process changes include both people and technology so that products are delivered more effectively and efficiently to customers. Change in people: Change in people can refer to any number of things. It may refer to a change in the management of a company as may happen in the case of mergers and acquisitions. It can also refer to providing "technical training to ensure changes in systems can be managed by operators" (Bal 115). People are the driving forces that dictate the success of an organization. While systems and processes may provide "incremental change" (Bal 116), a motivated and efficient workforce can bring about "sustained improvement" (Ibid). While processes and technologies may become obsolete after a period of

Baz Luhrmanns Essay Example for Free

Baz Luhrmanns Essay How does Baz Luhrmanns film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet visually highlight Shakespeares rich language and imagery? Shakespeares use of language reflects the theatre of his day. There were no elaborate set designs, costumes, lighting or sound effects and there were also only a small number of actors playing many different parts. This could get confusing and therefore the language and imagery had to do all the work for the audience, as the words were the only tools available to help them imagine the scenes vividly. In the prologue of Romeo and Juliet, line number twelve; Is now the two hours traffic of our stage and the very last words; our toil shall strive to mend, have significant meaning. These sentences, spoken by the chorus, highlight to the audience the key plot elements to come. It gives the audience an idea of what they are about to watch or read and makes the ensuing action more intelligible. This dramatic convention therefore acts almost like a movie trailer. In Baz Luhrmanns film adaptation of the play, the prologue begins with a long shot of a television (within a television), with a reporter speaking to us from inside of it. Behind the reporters left shoulder are the words star-crossed lovers and a symbol of a broken ring. This, in the first minute of the play, already introduces us to the fact that Romeo and Juliet are star-crossed lovers, which is a major theme throughout the entire play. The news reporter then delivers the whole prologue from beginning to end, before the camera zooms further and further in until the point of extreme close up, at which point the prologue changes. This is how Baz Luhrmann achieves a similar effect to Shakespeares dramatic use of the prologue. By doing this, it is almost as if we are entering the movie and if you do not wish to go in then it is your choice not to continue watching. In the second sentence of the prologue, In fair Verona (where we lay our scene), Shakespeare carefully uses the positive modifier fair to describe the city. This emphasizes the fact that Verona is closely associated with God, therefore establishing it as a peaceful, moral city. However, this is contradicted by negative modifiers in the next sentences of the prologue, which are From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. This brings in the fact that there is an old grudge between two families. However, with this grudge there is blood shed and constant fights, some of which draw in innocent civilians. In the movie this section of the prologue is shot from a fast-moving helicopter. There is an extreme long shot and an aerial view of Verona, which introduces us to the town. A statue of Jesus is shown, immediately followed by the words IN FAIR VERONA, in large, white letters. Then, for several seconds, there is jump cutting between the Jesus statue and the phrase. This is how Baz Luhrmann shows us that Verona is normally a good, religious city. This is then followed by some fast, substantial shots. We are shown two separate buildings; one which has the sign Montague at the top, and the other which has the sign Capulet on top. This introduces us to the two feuding families who are the centre of the play. In addition, a police car which says Verona Police is filmed. All of these key points visually highlight Shakespeares imagery and language. The police car is an indication of the violence to come that is caused by the feud and upsets the normal, peaceful status quo. The first six lines of the prologue are essentially the most important in establishing the plot for example lines three and four from the prologue: from ancient grudge break to new mutiny and where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. Luhrmann usually emphasises these points with newspaper headlines shown in the movie with those exact sentences on them. These lines of the prologue are also heard as the voice-over of the Friar. Jump cutting is used to move from headline to headline and the newspapers are shot in extreme close up, surrounded by flames of fire. With each sentence of the prologue that is said, an accompanying image is shown on the screen with it. These include violent images such as police cars and police helicopters. Overall, expressive lighting is used in the film, to add even greater intensity to the conflict between peace and war in Verona. This, along with words such as death, rage and blood, really start to show the dark side of the plot and ironically contrasts with Verona being described as a fair city previously. Next, line ten of the prologue, the continuance of their parents rage, establishes the fact that the grudge between the families is a long-standing ordeal. This is represented in the movie with a montage, showing the many magazines which talk about the hatred of the two families. Line five in the prologue, from forth the fatal loins of these two foes, aims to introduce the parents of Romeo and Juliet and in fact the two main characters themselves. Therefore, at this point, Baz Lurhmann shows a short clip of each significant actor in the movie. This is followed by a freeze frame on them, with the name of their character and any outstanding relationships he or she might have with other characters. The freeze frames are extremely close up on the characters faces and it sets the scene for the rest of the movie, so we know who to look out for. This is also an opportunity for Baz Luhrmann to give some limited information about the characters status. He does so by filming Montague and Capulet at a slightly lower angle than the others, making them appear more intimidating than the rest. This is how he effectively shows that they are the heads of the two households. In lines six and nine of the prologue, Shakespeare uses such phrases as star-crossed and death-marked to describe Romeo and Juliets love. First of all, love and death are oxymoronic and are not commonly found together in the same sentence. Secondly, star-crossed implies that they have no control over their love. It implies that Fate is in control and the minute they fell in love both were destined to die. In the film during this time, loud, fast and rising operatic music is played. This is incidental music significantly increases the level of tension and drama in the prologue. This is therefore appropriate for trying to emphasize the fact of the couples fated love. What Baz Luhrmann does here is basically pull the whole prologue together. Proceeding this, after the prologue has been explained, Baz Luhrmann tries to increase the level of suspense even further, to truly point out the violence and the tragic ending of the play. Therefore what he does, with the opera music still playing, is show most of the prologue on the screen in writing. Jump cutting is used between each sentence, but it is barely readable since the editing is at such a high speed, so the prologue is literally flashing before your eyes. Afterwards, Baz Luhrmann shows snippets from the entire movie to the audience. Jump cutting is used and the images flash at a very high speed before you. He goes from the end to the beginning of the movie, and what he achieves is, in a sense, a visual prologue! At the very end of the prologue, the title Romeo + Juliet comes up and the plus sign is actually made to suggest a Christian cross. This subtly reminds us of the religious side of the play. This includes the Friar, who is a religious personage, the wedding that Romeo and Juliet have and also the whole theme of destiny and some divinity or higher power looking over and controlling us in life. So in conclusion, this is how Baz Luhrmanns film adaptation of the prologue from Romeo and Juliet successfully visually highlights Shakespeares rich language and imagery. We can see how he has gone through the prologue and then fairly systematically translated its deeper meaning, in remarkably creative ways. He effectively translates all the messages of the prologue in a contemporary and entertaining context.

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The Flea: Rhetoric and Poetry Mingling In John Donne’s poem, â€Å"The Flea†, Donne uses the conceit of the flea to contrast the insignificant size of the flea and the incredibly significant metaphor attached to the flea. The speaker of the poem is talking to a woman, trying to convince her into having sex with him outside of marriage. This poem can be broken into three stanzas, of nine lines each, utilizes the image of the flea to convey three main ideas: the first as a vessel where their essence mingles, second as the institution of marriage, and finally as an insignificant representation of honor which would have no effect on them. Donne’s hyperbolic use of the flea extends through the poem as a metaphysical conceit to convey a logical argument out of something seemingly unrelated to the situation at hand. The speaker starts his argument by first mentioning that the woman has denied the speaker something. However, it is initially unclear what was denied, all that is known is that by taking note of â€Å"†¦this flea, and mark in this,/How little that which [she] deniest [him] is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , thus paralleling how the flea, just like whatever she denies him, is inconsequential (Donne lines 1-2). This idea of insignificant things meaning much more in the grand scheme of things becomes an underlying thread, which is sewn throughout the poem. The speaker then notes how â€Å"†¦in this flea [their] two bloods mingled be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , alluding to an erotic mingling of their blood (Donne line 4). This symbolizes the very essence of these two intertwining and becoming one in a single vessel. The flea is a vessel that symbolizes union, in this case the physical union between the speaker and the woman through sexual intercourse and the exchange of bodily fluids. It is impo... ... mean nothing in the end. Essentially his argument boils down to proving that sex with the speaker would not be shameful or sinful, and that all her fears are unfounded. Donne uses the flea throughout his poem as an essential link between sexual conquest and union. The flea transcends its initial existence as an irritating bug and become an existence essential to their union. It is through this representation of the flea, which allows Donne to draw the reader into an argument of carnal desire trumping propriety. The flea is essential to this argument, without which there is nothing grounding the obvious leaps of logic made by the speaker and Donne. The conceit is a popular literary device Donne uses in his poetry, and in this particular case he uses it masterfully throughout the entire poem to create a love poem that straddles the line between poetry and rhetoric.

Assessments in a care environment Essay

Although there are many hazards that could be potential risks in the food environment in a hospital, there are a few which have the highest risk of  occurring and could then cause the most harm to both the service users and service providers. Whilst preparing and cutting vegetables, there is a risk that someone could cut themselves with a sharp knife or cutting equipment. Although the likelihood of this happening could be quite high when there is a lack of training involved, the severity of the injury or damage to health would be quite low considering many injuries that occur this way would be easily seen to and treated by the first aider or the person in charge. However, to prevent this risk occurring at all, all staff should be supplied with the appropriate equipment they should use and training so they are aware of how to handle the equipment in the right manor. A low level of sanitation in a food environment could cause there to be a wider and much quicker spread of bacteria through the food and surfaces which could prove to be harmful, especially in a hospital environment. Due to health and safety regulations being followed by all caring establishments, the likelihood of this happening would be a 2. However if there weren’t regulations being followed by the hospital and this was to occur then the severity could potentially be a 4/5 as the spread of bacteria in a hospital setting would be made worse when considering the weaker people in the hospital and those whose immune systems wouldn’t be able to fight off bad bacteria as well as other and could get sick or their condition could worsen if they already are sick. To prevent this all supervisors should ensure legislations, policies and procedures are being followed at all times to ensure maximum sanitation and cleanliness. Due to the wide variety of people consuming the food in the hospital, it would be vital to take into consideration allergies some people may have and to ensure they are not given food that contains or has been made in the same area as the food they are allergic to. Although the likelihood of this happening is just a 3 due to the fact all staff should adhere to procedures and take into consideration peoples allergies anyway, the severity of this if it occurs could be a 4/5 due to the fact allergic reactions could potentially severe and some cases could even lead to death. To ensure all precautions are taken with these activities and to minimise the risks which could occur from the hazards there are many things that can be done or put into place and thus prevent patients, staff or visitors from  harm. Firstly, to prevent somebody cutting themselves while they are preparing food they should be given training before hand to ensure they are aware of how to use the equipment appropriately and make sure they know which piece of equipment is the most appropriate for the type of food they are preparing. Under the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) policy it states that all employers have duties concerning the provisions and use of PPE at work and should provide safety training to ensure no members of staff come to any harm (hse.gov.uk, 2015). To prevent the spread of bacteria and ensure the safety of everyone who is to consume the food available, all staff should also be given training on the appropriate ways and places to store food at the right temperatures to ensure the risk of bacteria growth is minimised. Managers of businesses or areas dealing with food have a duty to ensure all food is safe to eat, all harmful or out of date food is removed and unable to be consumed and records should be kept of where the food was bought from to provide evidence if needed. This emphasises the importance of how the Food safety act 1990 should be put into place to ensure the employers and employees stick to their duties to ensure maximum safety for service users. Also hand sanitiser should be provided and available around the hospital including the kitchen to prevent cross contamination that way (legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Finally, to ensure the safety of patients and minimise the risk of something fatal happening to them, all allergies they have to foods should be recorded down and available to all kitchen staff who will be preparing food. These records should be checked regularly and all food should be prepared on separate work surfaces or chopping boards to reduce the risk of cross contamination and any allergic reactions occurring. Physical exercise class Although many form of exercise and physical movement for many patients would be greatly beneficial to their health and wellbeing, it could also prove to provide more harm to health than good if precautions are not taken. Spilt water on the floor where someone may be exercising could prove to be harmful and cause damage to their health if it isn’t seen and cleaned up by someone. Although there is just a likelihood of just 2, the severity could potentially be 3 as an injury to someone in a hospital who could be elderly  could be fatal and cause serious damage to their weak bones and skin. To minimise to risk you could put control measures into place including not allowing any food or drink to be consumed in the exercise area and to have a separate room for them to be stored. Too much exercise for some patients could over work them and cause an injury to their health if it is repeated. Exercise can cause a vast increase in both heart rate and blood pressure and could lead to ma ny serious problems if an elderly patient is doing too much. The likelihood of this causing harm to patients is 1 as both patients and staff should be aware of when too much exercise is being done and if they’re working too hard. However, if this was to occur, the severity would be 5 as weaker elderly patients could suffer from a heart attack or stroke over time if they aren’t being monitored on what exercise they’re doing and the effect it is having on their health. To control this all service providers involved in the physical activities and wellbeing of the patients should know and keep records of any conditions the patients may have which could lead to adverse effects or weaken them. All patient files should have records of what exercise patients have done to ensure they do enough to stay health but not too much that they cause themselves harm or injury. There should also be multiple members of staff observing exercise sessions to keep an eye on those more likely to over work themselves. If patients are showed how to warm up and down properly then they could injure themselves more then what they would if they warmed up. Also, if the exercise is too harsh and causes patients to have to put a lot of effort in just to complete tasks then the severity should be decreased to allow them better health. This would also help prevent a majority of excess aches and pains that would come from treating their body too harshly. Because of possible high severity of an incident is water was spilt during an exercise class, precautions should be put into place to minimise this risk and decrease the likelihood of it ever happening and injuring a patient. If drinks are restricted to one particular area or room away from where the exercise is taking place then there would be a decrease in the risk of anything being spilt in certain areas. Also if patients doing the exercise were given regular breaks to have a drink and a rest they would prevent spillages as well as prevent any pains occurring by doing too much exercise.  Secondly, the amount of exercise each individual patient is able to do would be subjective on the individual and therefore not all the patients should be forced into doing as much as others may do if they are less capable. Each patients amount of exercise should be monitored and recorded to ensure they get the right amount but are not getting too much. Also by monitoring them it would be easier to identify if any of the patients are struggling with any of the exercise methods or are in too much pain to carry on. This also applies to the third point made. The patients shouldn’t be doing exercise which is too harsh for them to carry out or if they don’t completely understand what they are doing because they could do it wrong and injure themselves severely. By allowing them to warm up and down before and after they carry out exercises and by showing them how to carry it out appropriately would lower the risk of injury and allow them to enjoy it instead of being in pain. Visiting Times Visiting hours are the busiest times in a hospital and so could potentially have many hazards involved in allowing people in and out of the hospital without appropriate precautions taken. Poor sanitation from new visitors could potentially be a big problem in a hospital as bacteria will be being bought into the wards and could enhance the spread of infections or diseases. Due to the fact a hospital has a wide variety of patients including elderly and those who have recently had surgery (meaning they may also have open wounds) the spread of bacteria could be hazardous to their health and the healing process of their injuries/wounds. The Likelihood of this happening would be 2 which is significantly low considering the change of law in 1995 which ‘provided specific recommendations to promote improved hand-hygiene practices and reduce transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to patients and personnel in health-care settings’ (Cdn.gov,2014). However the severity of a lack of sanitation would potentially be a 4/5 as the spread of bacteria and therefore infections and diseases could be harmful to people’s health and if unable to fight it off, it could possibly even shut down some peoples immune systems. To minimise the risks of this there should be hand sanitizer and hand was stations placed all around the hospital with signs so the visitors remember to clean their hands and kill off unwanted  bacteria. Security is a vital party of a hospital to ensure the safety of everyone in the building. Without a high level of security around the hospital anyone would have access into and out of the building that may not be authorised. This could mean unwanted visitors may come in and read documents they are unauthorised to, or even confused elderly patients may get out without realising it and end up injuring themselves outside without anyone there to help. This hazard would have a likelihood of 1 and a severity of a potential 4/5 because, although it is very unlikely to happen in a hospital, if a patient were to get out they could get themselves into all sorts of trouble and not realise the danger of traffic outside causing fatal injuries or maybe even death. CCTV should be in place to monitor people in the hospital and all wards should be locked so only authorised people are able to enter and exit. Damage to property could occur during visiting hours as the hospital will be crowded with a variety of people, patients and staff which could cause some things to be damaged or broken, especially when there are a large number of visitors at one time. Although this would not directly affect the health of service users or service providers, it is a hazard to the hospital and would cost a lot of money in repairs each year if there are no control measures in place. CCTV would help monitor any damage that would occur and the person behind the damage; however there should also be signs around the hospital reminding visitors to stay orderly and respectful at all times on the wards and around the building. Due to the fact that so many different people will be entering and leaving the hospital, they could be carrying many different types of bacteria into the hospital which could cause a higher risk of the spread of infection. By providing hand sanitiser and making it widely available around the hospital and wards, all visitors and people who enter the hospital will be able to reduce the amount of bacteria they are bringing in and reduce the risk of infection. There is a hand hygiene policy which should be put into place in the hospital to ensure the safety of patients and visitors. It is well known that hand hygiene is one of the most important factors in preventing the spread of infection and the unwashed hands of all healthcare professionals and visitors is the most important route of cross-infection in the  healthcare environment (Ayliffe at al, 2000). Secondly, there should be an appropriate amount of security in and around the hospital to ensure only authorised people are getting in and out of the building. CCTV cameras should be working and placed all around the building and there should be security systems put in places at all of the entrances and exits to ensure the risk of unwanted visitors or patients getting out is minimised. This would also lower the risk of any property being damaged and if it does occur it would allow the staff to look back over the footage and identify who was at fault for any damages that occur. Although the likelihood of these occurring is predictably low, it would decrease the severity of incidents which occur as it would allow people to be identified and things could be managed before they get out of hand. Dispensing of medicines Prescribing and dispensing medicine is a vital role in hospitals to ensure all patients get the medication they need to help them recover, however there could be many possible hazards involved with dispensing medicines that could cause harm to patients and their health. Prescribing patients with the wrong dosage of medication is a possible hazard as it could lead to the patient having an overdose or having serious health problems afterwards. Although the likelihood is low the severity if this does occur is high as the health effects would be very negative and put patients health into a decline. To prevent this all patients records should be checked beforehand to ensure they are being prescribed the right amount, also the medication should be double checked before being handed to the patient to ensure no mistakes have been made. If medication is left on the side it could be consumed by someone who doesn’t need it, by a visitor not knowing what it is or even by a child who mista kes them for sweets. This could cause great harm as someone who takes them could overdose and it would have negative effects on their health if taken in large quantities, especially to a child. All medication should be locked away in a cupboard or be handled/observed by a nurse or doctor at all times to ensure no one can take them when they don’t need to or accidently. Needles could be a hazard in a hospital if not used correctly or if a nurse slips while holding one. If found left lying around someone could use one and pierce their skin injecting themselves with  something they don’t know about, or even risking infection by finding a dirty needle and using that. Also if a nurse slips whilst holding on they could injure themselves or the patient by accidently stabbing the skin. This isn’t very likely to happen as all nurses should be provided the appropriate training on how to handle needles and dangerous equipment so they don’t make a mistake. Also, all needles should be di sposed of immediately after use so they cannot be used again and cause cross-contamination. The severity for all hazards which could occur for dispensing medicines are all high and so to reduce the risk of anything serious happening or anyone being injured, policies and procedures must be put into place to ensure people’s safety in the hospital. All patient records must be checked before they are prescribed with a medicine to ensure they are provided with the right type of medicine and the right dosage. If this is done wrong it could potentially eventually lead to death for an unfortunate patient and so the dispensing of medicines policy should be put into place. The policy states that all medication should be stored, administered and disposed of appropriately to ensure minimum harm and training must be given to staff to make sure they understand how vital and critical their role could be (oxfordshireccg.nhs, 2013). All medication must be locked away and not left lying around the hospital to ensure only the appropriate staff members who have had training are able to access it and no children or vulnerable people are able to pick it up off the side and take medication which could make them sick. Finally, it is evident that needles are dangerous pieces of equipment if mishandled or in the wrong hands and so the dispensing of medicines policy should be ensured and put into place because of this fact also. All used and unwanted needles should be disposed of immediately instead of being left lying around and all staff should have training before they start in their role to ensure they know how to handle a needle and to make sure they don’t injure themselves or anyone else with one (goshospital, 2015). Moving patients between wards Naturally there would be many risks involved with carrying out this activity as there are a lot of precautions that would needed to be adhered to to make  it successful. There could also be many complications to consider if you were moving an elderly, weak or disorientated patient. The likelihood of any of the hazards occurring is low due to training the staff have and regulations they follow to ensure safety. Using the appropriate equipment is vital when moving a patient between wards as it would assist to lift and transport the patient without causing any harm to the health of either the patient or the member of staff. If a nurse is moving a patient on their own without a hoist or any help, they could injure their back by not lifting properly or injure the patient if they’re lifted in the wrong way. According to the manual handling regulations 1992 all staff should be provided with PPE and training on how to carry out tasks like these to avoid injuries or harm. The likelihood of any harm occurring is low if the regulation is followed however the severity could be 3 as the damage it could cause may need special attention. Dropping patients would be a risk if they are heavy or awkward to lift between one place to another. The severity of this if it happens would be quite high depending on the state of the patient, especially if the patient being moved is elderly or fragile, they could easily break a bone or more damage would be caused if they are dropped. Busy corridors during visiting hours could cause complications when moving a patient as it would make it a lot harder. If some of the corridors or lifts are busy you would not be able to move the patient as quickly and efficiently as liked/needed. Also, if there are people milling about the corridors it would be easier for the patient to be knocked over or injured by accident. The severity of something happening while a patient is being moved between the hospital is on average 2.5 which could be severe in the wrong situations and so staff must be provided with the right equipment and training to prevent the risk of injury or the likelihood of anything happening. Under the personal protective equipment policy it states that all staff members should be provided with the correct equipment to carry out tasks to prevent injury to themselves and the other person involved (hse.gov.uk, 2015). This could include someone like a hoist to prevent injury to the staff members back and to ensure that the patient is being lifted properly. Although dropping a patient has a low likelihood and may not happen easily, if it  does it could be severely fatal to the patient and cause them a lot of injuries. The risk of this happening would also be minimised if the correct equipment was provided to ensure the staff member doesn’t assert strain on their back/ body and it ensure that there is enough power to lift the patient, especially if the member of staff isn’t very strong. Finally to make it easier to move patients it should be done when the hospital isn’t busy so there are no visitors mulling around and getting in the way. References Hse.gov.uk, (2015). Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). [online] Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/ppe.htm [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Gov.uk, (2015). Food safety – your responsibilities – GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/food-safety-your-responsibilities/food-safety [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Legislation.gov.uk, (2015). Food Safety Act 1990. [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/16/contents [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Hospital, G. (2015). Sharps: disposal of used sharps – Clinical guidelines – Health professionals – Great Ormond Street Hospital. [online] Gosh.nhs.uk. Available at: http://www.gosh.nhs.uk/health-professionals/clinical-guidelines/sharps-disposal-of-used-sharps/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015].

Essay on Critiquing a Qualitative Nursing Research Article

The purpose of this paper is to critique a qualitative research article in all phases of the report. For this purpose, the article that will be used is â€Å"Lamentation and loss: expression of caring by contemporary surgical nurses† written by Carol Enns and David Gregory. This paper will address the problem statement, literature review, conceptual underpinnings and research questions, research design/method, ethical considerations, sampling, data collection, data analysis, confirmability of the findings, interpretation and discussion of findings, additional considerations, and rating the scientific merit of a research report. Problem Statement The phenomenon of interest has been identified as the expressions of caring by nurses on†¦show more content†¦It identifies studies that address the issue of having a variety of definitions for caring (Enns, 2007). This issue is relevant as it may vary the results of previous studies. The references are current to the article and well documented. The resources used are more for the definition of caring and to support the need of further research and not that of the specific topic of lamentation and loss expressed among surgical nurses (Enns, 2007). The fact that research on caring in many areas of nursing has been done, it is identified that there is a lack of research done on acute general surgical wards (Enns, 2007). The literature review examines different research designs used to cover the study of nurses’ caring but it does not examine the need to research further into the specific field of surgical nursing other then the lack of previou s research (Enns, 2007). Conceptual Underpinnings and Research Questions The framework used is made explicit and has been adapted by a previous theorist. The framework is detailed to clarify caring within a literature context (Enns, 2007). 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